In 2009, the Copenhagen Accord, a political agreement not formally adopted by the full COP, set a goal of limiting global warming to 2 degrees Celsius; set finance
goals of $30 billion in 2010-2012 and $100 billion a year by 2020; called for new or stronger mechanisms to address finance, transparency, adaptation, technology and
forestry; and invited parties to put forward mitigation pledges. More than 80 countries, including all the major economies, offered quantified pledges to be fulfilled by
2020. These emissions pledges were formalized into the UNFCCC process the following year under the Cancún Agreements, which also incorporated other essential elements
of the Copenhagen Accord and took some initial steps to implement them.

The following year in Durban, parties took additional steps to implement the Cancún Agreements, including establishing the Green Climate Fund and procedures for the reporting, measurement and verification (MRV) of countries’ actions. But the fundamental deal in Durban was a political commitment by Europe and a handful of
others to enter a “second commitment period” under Kyoto in exchange for launching the new Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action
(ADP) and winding down the AWG-LCA – thus setting the stage for much of what unfolded in Doha.